One of the capabilities of a laser based communication system that hasn't been considered in this thread so far, is its ability to handle different channels – (i.e. wavelengths)- simultaneously. That is to say we can generate almost the equivalent of the SETI waterfall plot without getting anywhere near a Fast Fourier Transform – we can do it all with a block of glass (or a diffraction grating if you want to be different;-). Such a device is called a spectrometer, of which the following is a simplified diagram: -

In practice the lens would be at the far side of the slit, such as to collimate the light travelling through the dispersion/diffraction element.
 
Subject to you not wanting too much bandwidth, CCD technology makes it possible to build a very smart detector element, that not only detects the incoming radiation, but also provides the ability to provide substantial noise reducing integration simply by modifying the way the sensor is clocked. The diagram below shows a schematic diagram of a CCD sensor: -

The small squares are the actual active pixels, these convert the incoming photons into electrons; normally after the required exposure time the charge accumulated in the sensor cell is 'clocked' into the Vertical Registers, and then line at a time the charge is transferred to the Horizontal Register where it is clocked out to be converted into a voltage based video line signal. For our application, we can modify the operation slightly. The detector is aligned such that vertical array of detector cells is oriented in the same direction as the spectral lines – i.e. a given line of detectors will be all observing the same wavelength of laser signal. In our mode of operation, the complete Vertical Register will be clocked into the Horizontal Register, so its positional charge will be the sum of the charges from each pixel at this point the horizontal register can be clocked out to generate a voltage signal representing the integral of each wavelength of signal within the laser beam.
 
There are of course faster ways of achieving this, for example using a cylindrical lens to 'squash' the image of the slit onto a single line of detectors, else using some real high tech methods such as a Fabry Perot interferometer, maybe manufactured using MEM technology, although this would require quite a lot of DSP to unravel the signal
 
Regards
 
Dave Robinson

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